Physical Distribution System Sistema de Distribución Física
David Jankowski David Jankowski
David Jankowski David Jankowski
Introduction to Physical Distribution Systems Introducción a los Sistemas de Distribución Física
Slide 01: Overview Diapositiva 01: Información general
Hello, my name is David Jankowski and I am the owner of DT Jankowski and Associates, a company committed to life-long professional education through supply chain management instruction and consulting. Hola, mi nombre es David Jankowski y yo soy el dueño de DT Jankowski y Asociados, una empresa comprometida con la educación profesional de larga duración a través del manejo de instrucciones cadena de suministro y de consultoría. I have over 30 years of experience with a variety of business organizations, both as a practitioner and a consultant. Tengo más de 30 años de experiencia con una variedad de organizaciones empresariales, tanto como médico y un consultor. I am Certified in Production and Inventory Management at the Fellow level CFPIM by APICS, The Educational Society for Resource Management., and I am an instructor for a number of local APICS chapters. Estoy certificada en la producción y gestión de inventarios a nivel de miembro CFPIM por APICS, la Sociedad para la Educación para la Gestión de Recursos., Y yo soy un instructor de una serie de capítulos locales de APICS. This course is entitled 'Physical Distribution System,' and it will explain how an organization plans and executes a coordinated system of product distribution that supports its primary goal of first-class customer service and satisfaction. Este curso se titula "Sistema de Distribución Física, y se le explicará cómo una organización planifica y ejecuta un sistema coordinado de distribución de productos que apoya su objetivo principal de la clase de servicio al cliente y la satisfacción de sesiones.
Slide 02: Three Phases of Material Flow Slide 02: Tres fases del flujo de material
In a typical flow of a company's supply chain structure, the movement of material occurs in three phases. En un flujo típico de la compañía de cadena de suministro de una estructura, el movimiento de material se produce en tres fases. First, from supplier to producer; second, through the steps of a producer's manufacturing process; and third, from the producer to the final customer. En primer lugar, del proveedor al productor, en segundo lugar, a través de los pasos del proceso de fabricación de un productor, y el tercero, desde el productor hasta el consumidor final. This course will concentrate on the third flow of material, which makes up our topic of physical distribution. Este curso se centrará en el tercer flujo de material, lo que hace a nuestro tema de la distribución física. Slide 03: Physical Distribution Diapositiva 03: Distribución Física
Physical distribution is an activity whose primary goal is to get the product in the hands of the customer the best way possible. distribución física es una actividad cuyo principal objetivo es conseguir que el producto en las manos del cliente la mejor manera posible. In some markets such as consumer goods, this simply targets the final product being made available for the appropriate customer pick-up. En algunos mercados como el de bienes de consumo, esto simplemente los objetivos del producto final que se hizo disponible para el cliente adecuado de recogida. Examples of this include supermarket grocery stores or bulk warehouse stores where, in each case, the product is delivered to be appropriately stocked and displayed for convenient customer selection and purchase. Ejemplos de esto incluyen tiendas de comestibles del supermercado o el almacén donde se almacena a granel, en cada caso, se entrega el producto a ser debidamente almacenados y se muestran para la selección de los clientes conveniente y compra. This system of delivery could occur straight from the producing plant or through a detailed multilevel network of supply that could either be completely self-owned, or that contains levels of distribution partners who contribute their expertise in the delivery of products to the ultimate customer. Este sistema de entrega puede ocurrir directamente de la planta de producción oa través de una red multinivel detallada de la oferta que, o bien podría ser completamente independiente de propiedad, o que contenga niveles de socios de distribución que contribuyen con su experiencia en la entrega de productos al cliente final.
Slide 04: Physical Distribution Diapositiva 04: Distribución Física
For an industrial application, we can look at a company where our customer will send their own vehicle to pick up some barrels of machine lubricant. Para una aplicación industrial, podemos mirar a una empresa donde nuestro cliente le enviará a su vehículo para recoger a unos barriles de lubricante de la máquina. In either case, the approach taken must add value for the customer. En cualquier caso, el enfoque debe generar valor añadido para el cliente. This could be achieved strategically by a company depending upon a market's demands and the organization's core competency, which provides the order-winners for customer satisfaction. Esto podría lograrse estratégicamente por una empresa en función de las demandas de un mercado y la organización de las competencias básicas, que establece el orden de los ganadores de la satisfacción del cliente. The distribution capabilities can be defined to support situations where the producer must concentrate on delivery speed, customer location, material availability to support customer service targets, and on any special services that the customer may request. La capacidad de distribución se puede definir para apoyar las situaciones en que el productor debe concentrarse en la velocidad de entrega, la ubicación del cliente, la disponibilidad de materiales para apoyar los objetivos de servicio al cliente, y en cualquiera de los servicios especiales que el cliente pueda solicitar. All of these circumstances influence how a company's physical distribution system will take shape. Todas estas circunstancias influyen en la forma física de la empresa un sistema de distribución irá tomando forma.
The components that make up the approach to distribution for an organization include the transportation methods employed, the makeup and planning for distribution inventory, the creation of a distribution system that is made up of a number of warehouses — also known as distribution centers, decisions on the type of materials handling and packaging to be used, and finally, an efficient approach to customer order processing and communication between all key departments within an organization. Los componentes que conforman el modo de distribución para una organización incluyen los métodos de transporte empleado, el maquillaje y la planificación para el inventario de la distribución, la creación de un sistema de distribución que se compone de una serie de almacenes - también conocidos como centros de distribución, las decisiones sobre el tipo de manejo de materiales y embalaje a utilizar, y, por último, un enfoque eficiente de procesamiento de pedidos de clientes y la comunicación entre todos los departamentos clave dentro de una organización.
Key Terminology Terminología clave
Slide 06: Terminology Slide 06: Terminología
Before we begin our presentation in detail, let's define some key terminology that helps to describe physical distribution. Antes de comenzar nuestra presentación en detalle, vamos a definir algunos términos clave que ayuda a describir la distribución física. In discussing the terms that relate to distribution, you may have come across more than one phrase that describes the same technique. Al discutir los términos que se refieren a la distribución, es posible que he encontrado más de una frase que describe la misma técnica. In this course, we strive to be consistent in all explanations of supply chain terminology. En este curso, nos esforzamos por ser coherentes en todas las explicaciones de la terminología de la cadena de suministro. From time to time, you may encounter some synonyms that are used based upon an author's preference to that word. De vez en cuando, puede encontrar algunos sinónimos que se utilizan basada en la preferencia de un autor a esa palabra. For that reason, we ask you to use the APICS Dictionary for which there are links in this course to help familiarize yourself with the primary vocabulary. Por esa razón, le pedimos que use el diccionario APICS para los que hay enlaces en este curso para ayudar a familiarizarse con el vocabulario principal. A company's distribution system is typically made up of a series of activities that are defined by the necessary movement and storage of finished goods. empresa de distribución de sistema A se compone generalmente de una serie de actividades que están definidas por el movimiento necesario y almacenamiento de productos terminados. To expand upon the APICS definition of a distribution system, the system must be an integrated network of facilities and interactions that provide the best combination of customer service and minimal cost to ship the company's goods. Para ampliar la definición de APICS de un sistema de distribución, el sistema debe ser una red integrada de instalaciones y de las interacciones que proporcionan la mejor combinación de servicio al cliente y un costo mínimo para enviar los productos de la compañía.
The partnerships that usually occur within a typical distribution system are there to contribute value to the entire process. Las asociaciones que por lo general ocurren dentro de un sistema de distribución típicos están ahí para aportar valor a todo el proceso. This movement of goods can result in changes in inventory ownership depending upon the nature of the industry. Este movimiento de bienes puede resultar en cambios en la titularidad de inventario en función de la naturaleza de la industria. Independent distributors and retailers can exist that will either partner in inventory ownership or will take complete possession of product inventory prior to providing delivery to the ultimate consumer of the item. Los distribuidores independientes y los minoristas pueden existir que cualquier socio en la propiedad de inventario o tomará posesión completa del inventario de productos antes de facilitar la entrega al consumidor final del artículo.
The system can be made up of what is called the distribution network structure, which consists of a series of distribution channels that service to map out a detailed flow of product to one or more partnering organizations that help to put the product in the customer's hands. El sistema puede estar compuesto por lo que se llama la estructura de la red de distribución, que consiste en una serie de canales de distribución que el servicio para trazar un flujo detallada del producto a una o más organizaciones asociadas que ayudan a poner el producto en los clientes de las manos. Networks like these exist in a number of industries. Redes como éstas existen en un número de industrias. The number of levels and participants can vary, depending upon how widespread the market demand is. El número de niveles y los participantes pueden variar, dependiendo de cuán extendida es la demanda del mercado.
To illustrate the concept of a distribution network and distribution channels, let's look at a diagram of a supply chain for a hardware manufacturer that contains a significant distribution system. Para ilustrar el concepto de una red de distribución y canales de distribución, vamos a ver un diagrama de una cadena de suministro de un fabricante de hardware que contiene un sistema de distribución importante. To get the product that the hardware producer makes to the ultimate consumer, three distribution channels exist in this example. Para obtener el producto que el productor de hardware hace que al consumidor final, tres canales de distribución existentes en este ejemplo.
Slide 08: Distribution Network Slide 08: Red de Distribución
The first distribution channel consists of a number of retailers who maintain their own supply system, which then moves goods to local retail stores who sell to the general public, the customers. El canal de distribución primero consiste en una serie de minoristas que mantienen su propio sistema de suministro, que se mueve de mercancías a las tiendas locales de venta al por menor que venden al público en general, los clientes. These retailers can purchase the finished goods inventory from the hardware producer, and then, in the transaction, become their customer. Estos minoristas pueden comprar el inventario de bienes terminados de los productores de hardware y, a continuación, en la transacción, se convierten en sus clientes. The hardware producers can provide a product such as door knobs and packaging that is specific to that retailer. Los productores de hardware puede ofrecer un producto, tales como perillas de las puertas y el envasado que es específico de esa tienda. Depending upon how large a market area they serve, the national retail chain can operate a number of regional warehouses called distribution centers (or DCs) that in turn will supply a number of local stores. Dependiendo de lo grande que un área de mercado que atienden, la cadena minorista nacional puede operar un número de almacenes regionales llamados centros de distribución (o CDs) que a su vez, facilite un número de tiendas locales. The local store owner can also arrange to partner or totally own inventory that it sells. El dueño de la tienda local también puede hacer arreglos para socios o totalmente propio inventario que se vende. Slide 09: Distribution Network Slide 09: Red de Distribución
In the second channel that exists in our example, the producer can sell to a hardware wholesaler who may add value to the original product by repacking, or bundling the hardware in various size packages, so as to provide pricing economies which are then passed along to either the industrial suppliers or local retailers who then sell to their particular markets. En el segundo canal que existe en nuestro ejemplo, el productor puede vender a un mayorista de hardware que puede añadir valor al producto original por envase, o la agrupación el hardware en paquetes de diferentes tamaños, con el fin de proporcionar a las economías de fijación de precios que luego se transfieren a las o los proveedores industriales o comerciantes locales, que luego venden a sus mercados particulares. The hardware wholesaler can buy door knobs in bulk from the producer and pass along the same bulk package or repack according to the customer that it serves, who in turn sells it to their end customers accordingly. El mayorista de hardware puede comprar perillas de las puertas en la mayor parte del productor y pasar a lo largo del mismo paquete a granel o rehacer según el cliente que sirve, que a su vez lo vende a sus clientes finales en consecuencia. Slide 10: Distribution Network Diapositiva 10: Red de Distribución
In the third channel, there are customers to the hardware producers who are called original equipment manufacturers (or OEMs), who use the purchased hardware in the manufacture of another product. En el tercer canal, hay clientes a los productores de hardware que son llamados los fabricantes de equipos originales (o fabricantes de equipos originales), que utilizan el hardware adquirido en la fabricación de otro producto. Let's say they purchased door knobs to use in the production of a family of wooden doors; these doors in turn are sold to wholesalers who then can sell to retailers for their particular markets. Digamos que compraron perillas de las puertas para el uso en la producción de una familia de puertas de madera, las puertas a su vez se venden a los mayoristas que luego pueden vender a los minoristas para sus mercados particulares. So we can see how an organization's distribution network can include a large number of companies who make up a supply chain alliance that serves a particular consumer market. Así podemos ver cómo la organización de una red de distribución puede incluir un gran número de empresas que conforman una alianza de la cadena de suministro que sirve a un mercado de consumo en particular. Agenda Overview and Transportation Choices Información general Programa de Transporte y opciones
The choices that a company must make in constructing a distribution system are covered in the four sections of this course. Las opciones que las empresas deben realizar en la construcción de un sistema de distribución se tratan en las cuatro secciones de este curso. Slide 12: Course Agenda Diapositiva 12: Programa del Curso
We will discuss first how a transportation approach depends upon products being shipped and the markets being served. Vamos a discutir primero cómo un enfoque de transporte depende de los productos que se envían y los mercados que sirve. Choices on the modes of transportation that should be used can be limited by availability of open routes of shipping called ways. Opciones en los modos de transporte que debe ser utilizado puede ser limitada por la disponibilidad de rutas abierto de formas de envío llamado. The company must then choose how to provide the necessary modes of shipment. La empresa debe elegir la forma de proporcionar los modos de transporte necesarios. The choice encompasses whether to own the vehicles or to partner with a company that has invested in that type of transportation; and finally, to determine how the cost of those transportation choices can be leveraged to provide the best shipment performance to the customer. La elección incluye la posibilidad de tener los vehículos o de asociarse con una empresa que ha invertido en ese tipo de transporte y, por último, para determinar cómo el costo de las opciones de transporte se puede aprovechar para ofrecer el mejor rendimiento de envío al cliente. Slide 13: Course Agenda Diapositiva 13: Programa del Curso
In the second session, we will cover the choices that surround the building of the facilities that make up the distribution system. En el segundo período de sesiones, vamos a cubrir las elecciones que rodean la construcción de las instalaciones que componen el sistema de distribución. The types of warehousing, and the roles they must play to serve specific markets, provide many cost trade-offs that must be considered in determining the best way to satisfy the customer. Los tipos de almacenamiento, y las funciones que deben desempeñar para servir a mercados específicos, ofrecen muchas ventajas y desventajas de costos que deben ser considerados en la determinación de la mejor manera de satisfacer al cliente. An organization's knowledge of the types and volumes of products that must be shipped will help to determine the best choices of material handling and packaging. Una organización del conocimiento de los tipos y volúmenes de productos que deben ser enviados ayudará a determinar las mejores opciones de manejo de materiales y embalaje. Slide 14: Course Agenda Diapositiva 14: Programa del Curso
In the third section, we will see how an organization's business approach affects its choices in filling the distribution inventory pipeline. En la tercera sección, veremos cómo la organización de un enfoque de negocios afecta a sus opciones en el llenado de la tubería de inventario y distribución. The purpose of the inventory to be carried helps to determine the characteristics necessary to ship economically. El propósito del inventario que se llevarán ayuda a determinar las características necesarias para enviar económicamente. Company objectives here cover the same goals that govern manufacturing; maximum customer service with optimum system performance at minimum production support costs. objetivos de la empresa aquí cubren los mismos objetivos que rigen la fabricación, servicio al cliente con el máximo rendimiento óptimo del sistema, como mínimo, apoyo a los costos de producción. The makeup of an organization can affect the distribution environment by determining inventory requirements and replenishment strategy at corporate or at individual district levels. La composición de una organización puede afectar al medio ambiente distribución por requisitos de los inventarios y la determinación de estrategia de reposición en las empresas o en los distritos individuales. Slide 15: Course Agenda Diapositiva 15: Programa del Curso
And finally, we will see how a company's distribution strategy must communicate to and interact with the other key organizational areas that encompass manufacturing, marketing, and finance. Y, por último, veremos cómo la compañía de distribución de una estrategia debe comunicarse e interactuar con las otras áreas clave de la organización que abarcan la fabricación, comercialización y finanzas. Important decisions that affect even basic customer support must be coordinated through an integrated system of operations and materials management. Las decisiones importantes que afectan la atención al cliente de base e incluso debe ser coordinada a través de un sistema integrado de operaciones y gestión de materiales. Let's begin by discussing the transportation choices that are available to a company. Comencemos hablando de las opciones de transporte que están disponibles para una empresa. We will cover different modes of travel that products can take, providers of the transportation needed, and cost issues that must be considered in making transportation decisions. Vamos a cubrir los diferentes modos de transporte que los productos puedan tener, los proveedores del transporte necesario, y cuestiones de costos que deben ser considerados en la toma de decisiones sobre el transporte. What are the products that a company provides? ¿Cuáles son los productos que una empresa ofrece? They can be anything from vegetable seeds to tractors, from soup to electricity. Pueden ser cualquier cosa, desde semillas de hortalizas a los tractores, de la sopa a la electricidad.
Where must those products be shipped? En caso de que los productos sean enviados? To the next town? Para el próximo pueblo? Cross-country? Cruz-país? To another country? A otro país? Throughout a global marketplace? A lo largo de un mercado global? The answers to these questions, along with the market demand, the availability of routes or ways in which to travel, and in some cases governmental regulations, help to determine the appropriate selection of the mode of transportation to take. Las respuestas a estas preguntas, junto con la demanda del mercado, la disponibilidad de rutas o caminos en los que viajar, y en algunos casos las regulaciones gubernamentales, ayudará a determinar la adecuada selección del modo de transporte para llevar.
And after all this thought process, we still must address the best cost option to accomplish the execution of that choice of mode. Y después de todo este proceso de pensamiento, todavía tenemos que cubrir los gastos mejor opción para llevar a cabo la ejecución de esa elección de modo. And how do we make these choices? ¿Y cómo hacemos para que estas elecciones? Let's begin by looking at the characteristics of each choice of mode and how best they apply to various industries' transportation requirements. Vamos a empezar por examinar las características de cada elección del modo y la mejor manera de que se aplican al transporte "requisitos de varias industrias.
Modes of Transportation Modos de Transporte
The first choice of mode is by rail. La primera opción del modo es por ferrocarril. The routes that trains or vehicles commonly called railcars must travel are called railways. Las vías que los trenes o vehículos automotores comúnmente llamada debe viajar son llamados ferrocarriles. The capital cost of these railways is high. El costo de capital de estos ferrocarriles es alta. They are provided by companies that provide and maintain the routes available for transport, and sometimes, are subject to governmental regulations. Ellos son proporcionados por empresas que ofrecen y mantener las rutas disponibles para el transporte, y, a veces, están sujetos a regulaciones gubernamentales. For these reasons, this choice of mode is best suited for large volumes of heavy bulk goods to be carried over long distances. Por estas razones, la elección de este modo es el más adecuado para grandes volúmenes de mercancías a granel pesado para ser llevado a largas distancias. Although the speed of this choice of delivery is slower than other choices such as by road, the overall operating costs are low. Aunque la velocidad de esta elección de la entrega es más lenta que otras opciones como por carretera, los gastos de funcionamiento general son bajos. If this mode of shipment is essential to a business, they may choose to construct rail connections on their plant site that merge with an existing railway. Si este modo de transporte es esencial para una empresa, pueden optar por la construcción de conexiones ferroviarias en su complejo industrial que se funden con un ferrocarril existente. This option allows local control of loading or unloading depending upon the transportation advantage desired. Esta opción permite el control local de carga o descarga en función de la ventaja de transporte deseado.
Shipping routes have to be planned carefully because of the limitations on flexibility. Las rutas de navegación tiene que ser planeada cuidadosamente debido a las limitaciones en la flexibilidad. Specifically, shipments by rail are dependent upon the schedules by which trains are planned and deliveries may be restricted by the timing of such schedules to move products to a specific destination at a specific time. En concreto, los envíos por ferrocarril se depende de los horarios de los trenes que se han previsto y las entregas pueden ser restringidos por la sincronización de los horarios como para mover los productos a un destino específico a una hora determinada. Also, rail deliveries can only go so far on the routes or ways that they travel. Además, las entregas por ferrocarril sólo puede ir tan lejos en las rutas o caminos que viajan. Once unloaded at freight stations, products may depend upon transport to other modes of transportation to get to their final destination. Una vez descargado en las estaciones de transporte de mercancías, los productos puede depender de transporte a otros modos de transporte para llegar a su destino final.
There are many versions of railcars available that provide flexible and special handling capabilities. Hay muchas versiones de vagones disponibles que proporcionan capacidades de manejo especial y flexible. These vehicles are designed by railroad providers in response to the specific product characteristics and logistic needs of their customers. Estos vehículos están diseñados por los proveedores de ferrocarril en respuesta a las características del producto y las necesidades logísticas de sus clientes. Over the years, providers have had to be very innovative in the types of transport offered, and on providing customer specific solutions. Con los años, los proveedores han tenido que ser muy innovadores en los tipos de transporte ofrecidos, y en proporcionar soluciones específicas del cliente. A customer's decision to ship by train versus other modes of transport can depend upon how a provider can competitively design and furnish these services. La decisión de un cliente para enviar en tren frente a otros modos de transporte puede depender de cómo un proveedor competitivo puede diseñar y suministrar estos servicios.
Slide 18: Alternative Rail Cars Diapositiva 18: Tren Coches Alternativa
A few examples on the choice of railcar that is available are boxcars, which provide a protected and economical choice based upon optimum use of a car's capacity to handle boxes or drums; tank cars that allow for the transport of liquid or gaseous products and can also be temperature controlled; flat cars that handle various large and bulky loads like logs or bars of steel; in the response to a customer's special handling needs, special versions of the flat car, which is adapted to carry things such as automobiles or large transformers. Algunos ejemplos sobre la elección de autovía que está disponible son vagones, que proporcionan una y económica opción protegida conforme a la utilización óptima de coche una capacidad para manejar las cajas o tambores, carros tanque que permitan el transporte de o gaseosos productos líquidos y también puede estar a temperatura controlada, vagones de plataforma que manejan diversos y voluminosos grandes cargas como troncos o barras de acero, en la respuesta al cliente especiales necesidades de manejo de una, las versiones especiales del coche plana, que se adapta para llevar las cosas como los automóviles o los grandes transformadores. Slide 19: Transportation: Mode - Road Diapositiva 19: Transporte: Modo - Carretera
Another choice of transportation mode is by road. Otra elección del modo de transporte es por carretera. The vehicles used for this choice of transport are usually trucks. Los vehículos utilizados para esta opción de transporte son generalmente los camiones. Trucks can handle a large variety of goods in different volumes and containers. Los camiones pueden manejar una gran variedad de productos en diferentes volúmenes y contenedores. They travel on their own ways commonly called roads or highways. Ellos viajan en sus propias formas comúnmente llamados caminos o carreteras. These roads are usually built by local government agencies that charge taxes and/or tolls for their use and for upkeep. Estas carreteras se construyen generalmente por las agencias gubernamentales locales que cobran impuestos y / o los peajes por el uso y mantenimiento. Delivery with these vehicles is very flexible, as delivery speed is moderately fast, and can be as close to the customer as door-to-door. La entrega de estos vehículos es muy flexible, como la velocidad de entrega es moderadamente rápido, y puede ser tan cerca del cliente como puerta a puerta. Shipping schedules can be very specific as to the timing and destination. horarios de envío puede ser muy específico en cuanto a la fecha y destino. Of course, we need to be aware that the more specific service that is requested on this delivery, the more it could cost. Por supuesto, tenemos que ser conscientes de que el servicio más específicos que se solicitan en esta entrega, más se podría costar.
A truck's capacity is chosen to match up with the type and volume of a product that must be shipped. La capacidad de un camión es elegido para que coincida con el tipo y volumen de un producto que debe ser enviado. It is more economic to fill the truck to capacity, which can be determined by cubic volume or weight. Es más económica para llenar el camión con la capacidad, lo cual puede determinarse por el volumen cúbico o el peso. Product packaging is designed to make the best use of a truck's cargo space. El embalaje del producto está diseñado para hacer el mejor uso del espacio de carga de un camión.
Shipments made by road can be partnered with other modes of transportation to gain overall economies and delivery capabilities. Los envíos realizados por carretera puede ser asociado con otros modos de transporte para obtener economías globales y capacidades de entrega. We will discuss this concept further in our presentation of intermodal transportation. Vamos a discutir más este concepto en la presentación del transporte intermodal.
Slide 20: Road Alternatives: Loading Profiles Diapositiva 20: Alternativas de camino: Perfiles de Carga
Shipping by road via trucks provides many alternatives to product loading. El envío por carretera a través de camiones ofrece muchas alternativas para cargar el producto. Some choices include single high automatic loaders such as tank trucks. Algunas opciones incluyen solo cargadores automáticos de alta, tales como camiones cisterna. Liquids are pumped directly from the warehouse's holding tanks through pipelines into a tank truck, which will shut off the flow automatically once the tank truck's capacity has been reached. Los líquidos son bombeados directamente de los tanques almacén a través de tuberías en un camión tanque, que se cerrará el flujo del tanque ha sido la capacidad del carro de forma automática una vez alcanzado. Another approach is to load the truck with stacked product containers on pallets, which are designed to make the best use of a vehicle's cubic capacity. Otro enfoque consiste en cargar el camión con los contenedores del producto apiladas en paletas, las cuales están diseñadas para hacer el mejor uso de la cilindrada del vehículo uno. Products shipped this way include truckloads of the same products, such as boxes of bagged potato chips, or candy. Los productos enviados de esta forma incluyen camiones de los mismos productos, tales como cajas de bolsas de patatas fritas o dulces. A truck can be loaded with products in a loose pack, where various types of products or packaging are loaded from a distribution center to be delivered to a local store that has requested that combination of goods. Un camión puede cargar con los productos en un paquete de suelta, donde los diversos tipos de productos o envases se cargan desde un centro de distribución para ser entregado a una tienda local que ha solicitado que la combinación de productos. Examples include fruits and vegetables being delivered from a central distribution point to fill the various needs of local grocery stores, or a mixed delivery of television sets, refrigerators, and stoves sent from an appliance distributor to a retail store. Algunos ejemplos son las frutas y hortalizas se entregan desde un punto de distribución central para cubrir las diversas necesidades de las tiendas de comestibles locales, o una mezcla de entrega de televisores, refrigeradores, estufas y enviado a un distribuidor aparato a una tienda al por menor.
Modes of Transportation Continued Modos de Transporte Continuación
Slide 21: Transportation: Modes - Air Transporte:: Diapositiva 21 Modos - Aire
A third mode of transportation is by air. Un tercer modo de transporte es por aire. The routes that airplanes fly are regulated by a governmental system that controls air traffic. Las rutas que vuelan los aviones están reguladas por un sistema de gobierno que controla el tráfico aéreo. This choice of transport is fast, but is usually very expensive. Esta opción de transporte es rápido, pero suele ser muy caro. Therefore, the appropriate choices of goods for this mode are high-value products, usually of low weight. Por lo tanto, las opciones apropiadas de los bienes de este modo son productos de alto valor, por lo general de bajo peso. This type of cargo, if shipped by this mode, can be time-sensitive, possibly due to an emergency, and from that perspective, it can be a relatively inexpensive way to get products to the customer quickly. Este tipo de carga, si se envía por este modo, puede ser sensible al tiempo, posiblemente debido a una emergencia, y desde esa perspectiva, puede ser una forma relativamente barata de obtener productos a los clientes rápidamente. Unusual cargo can be handled with proper planning, such as in transporting animals. Insólito carga se puede manejar con una planificación adecuada, como en el transporte de animales. The storage location on a plane is important because the container size can adapt to the shape of a plane's cargo hold, or if it is a passenger flight, the product travels in holds located below the seating area. La ubicación de almacenamiento en un avión es importante porque el tamaño del contenedor se puede adaptar a la forma de la bodega de carga un avión, o si es un vuelo de pasajeros, el producto viaja en la bodega situada debajo de la sala de estar. Aircraft schedules must be considered to plan deliveries correctly to ensure that the product arrives at the necessary location for timely customer delivery. horarios de las aeronaves deben ser considerados para planificar las entregas correctamente para asegurar que el producto llega a la posición necesaria para la entrega oportuna de los clientes.
Some situations for the type of products shipped by this means of transport include a company that needs to ship automobile engines from Germany to an assembly plant located in North America; a business that may ship medical supplies such as artificial limbs or blood to a hospital to meet patient needs; and a company's emergency shipment of high-value products that can best absorb the expense of flying them. Algunas situaciones para el tipo de productos transportados por este medio de transporte incluyen una compañía que necesita para enviar los motores de automóvil de Alemania a una planta de ensamblaje en Norteamérica, un negocio que se pueden enviar los suministros médicos tales como prótesis o de la sangre a un hospital para satisfacer las necesidades del paciente, y la empresa de emergencia de un envío de productos de alto valor que mejor puede absorber el costo de volar ellos.
Slide 22: Transportation: Modes - Water Transporte:: Diapositiva 22 Modos - Agua
Another transportation mode that can be chosen is to have products shipped by water. Otro modo de transporte que se puede elegir es tener los productos enviados por el agua. Routes in which ships travel — commonly called waterways — are usually there by nature, although more and more routes are man-made, such as the St. Lawrence Seaway or the Panama Canal. Rutas en las que los buques de viajes - comúnmente llamados cursos de agua - son por lo general hay por naturaleza, aunque más y más rutas son artificiales, como el San Lorenzo o el Canal de Panamá. Shipping by water is a good option to use for transporting products over long distances at very low cost per unit due to the large capacities that are available. Envío por el agua es una buena opción a utilizar para el transporte de productos a grandes distancias a bajo coste por unidad debido a la gran capacidad que están disponibles. Beware though that this mode of transportation is the slowest of all choices, and should be planned accordingly. Tenga cuidado de que este modo de transporte es la más lenta de todas las opciones, y debe planificarse en consecuencia. The slowness of the delivery would mean that more inventories are in the overall transportation supply line and any flexibility is lost. La lentitud de la entrega que significa que más los inventarios están en la línea de transporte general de los suministros y que la flexibilidad se pierde. A product is often packaged into large seagoing containers, which are able to be stacked to be able to take the best advantage of the cubed volume of a ship's cargo hold or stackable area above the decks. Un producto es a menudo envasados en grandes recipientes de alta mar, que pueden ser apilados para poder aprovechar al máximo el volumen del cubo de la bodega de carga del buque o de una zona de apilar encima de las cubiertas.
Seagoing vessels are only one type of shipping option available. Los buques marítimos que son sólo un tipo de opción de envío disponibles. There are other sizes of water-going shipping. Hay otros tamaños de agua va de envío. The largest, for example, are used to move large amounts of low-valuable cargo, such as salt or oil on local water routes. El más grande, por ejemplo, se utilizan para mover grandes cantidades de valiosa carga-baja, como la sal o aceite en las rutas locales de agua.
Slide 23: Types of Water Freight Diapositiva 23: Tipos de carga de agua
Coastal shipping terminals are built to which container-carrying ships can come and be loaded by crane to maximize ocean-bound freight capacity at good rates. terminales de transporte marítimo costero que se construyen para llevar a los buques de contenedores puede venir y ser cargado por la grúa para maximizar la capacidad de carga consolidado del océano a buenos precios. These ships can make numerous stops at different coastal terminals until they are fully loaded for their overseas trip. Estas naves pueden hacer numerosas paradas en diferentes terminales costeras hasta que estén completamente cargadas para su viaje al extranjero. A similar sequence of stops may also apply then when making deliveries at receiving ports of call. Una secuencia similar de las paradas también se pueden aplicar a continuación, al hacer la entrega en la recepción de los puertos de escala. Local waterways include rivers, canals, and bays. cursos de agua locales incluyen ríos, canales y bahías. Vessels are designated that can specifically travel over those routes effectively. Los buques que se designan específicamente puede viajar a través de esas rutas con eficacia. A choice of barge or steamship can be made based upon the best maneuverability required to get that product to the desired point of delivery. Una elección de barcazas o barcos de vapor se puede hacer basándose en la mejor capacidad de maniobra necesario para obtener dicho producto hasta el punto deseado de la entrega. Products such as fresh fish, cattle feed, or sugarcane can be shipped this way right up to the processing plants that normally locate themselves adjacent to local waterways. Productos como el pescado fresco, alimento para el ganado, o la caña de azúcar se pueden enviar de esta manera hasta las plantas de procesamiento, que normalmente se ubique junto a las vías fluviales locales.
Slide 24: Transportation: Modes - Pipeline Transporte:: Diapositiva 24 Modos - Pipeline
A mode of product transport that is not widely used but has important implications in specific industries is called a pipeline. Un modo de transporte de productos que no se utiliza mucho, pero tiene importantes implicaciones en industrias específicas que se llama una tubería. Construction of the type of pipeline delivery is made to best match the type of product to be moved. La construcción del tipo de parto tubería se hace para que coincida con el mejor tipo de producto que se mueve. Products such as oil, natural gas, and drinking water are delivered to local customers from bulk storage facilities by pipeline grids that are specifically built for this purpose. Los productos tales como petróleo, gas natural y agua potable se entregan a los clientes locales de las instalaciones de almacenamiento a granel, mediante redes de tuberías que están específicamente construidos para este fin. Very high volumes can be moved continuously over large distances. Volúmenes muy altos se puede mover continuamente a lo largo de grandes distancias. The cost of initial construction is high due to local government regulations that control obtaining rights of way in actual pipeline construction. El costo de la construcción inicial es alta debido a regulaciones gubernamentales locales que controlan los derechos de la obtención de paso en la construcción del gasoducto reales. But once in place, ongoing operating costs are very low. Pero una vez en el lugar, los costos de operación en curso son muy bajos. In pervious to weather conditions, pipelines can be located on either above or below ground. En permeables a las condiciones climáticas, las tuberías pueden estar situados a ambos por encima o por debajo de la tierra.
Slide 25: Transportation: Modes - Intermodel Transporte:: Diapositiva 25 Modos - Intermodel
A combination of modes of transportation called intermodal is very prevalent today. Una combinación de modos de llamada intermodal de transporte es muy frecuente hoy en día. Any two or more modes can be used to get product from the producing location to the ultimate customer. Dos o más modos se puede utilizar para conseguir el producto desde el lugar de producción al cliente final. The choices made are selected to make the best use of a combination of benefits that the modes can supply. Las decisiones tomadas son seleccionados para hacer el mejor uso de una combinación de beneficios que los modos puede suministrar. Shipping truckload containers from the producer to a coastal terminal, where it is then transferred to a ship, is an example of combining ways of freight transfer. camión contenedores de envío desde el productor hasta una terminal costera, donde se transfiere entonces a un barco, es un ejemplo de la combinación de formas de transferencia de carga. Once the ship reaches port and is unloaded, the cargo can then go by road on a truck to a rail yard where the product is then shipped by rail to a customer's distribution center. Una vez que el buque llega a puerto y la descarga es decir, la carga puede ir por carretera en un camión a un patio de ferrocarril, donde es entonces el producto que se envía por ferrocarril hasta el centro de distribución de un cliente. There are many uses of intermodal shipping that can exist that are not just economically motivated, but are the only choices possible due to local geography. Hay muchas aplicaciones de transporte intermodal que puede existir que no son sólo por motivos económicos, pero son las únicas opciones posibles debido a la geografía local. Modes of Transportation Summary Resumen de los modos de transporte
Slide 26: Transportation Modes - Summary Diapositiva 26: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
So we have seen that there are quite a few choices that can be made to move products from a producer to the final customer. Así hemos visto que hay bastantes opciones que se pueden hacer para mover productos de un productor al cliente final. Just what choice a company makes depends on the customer service and operations strategies that target a specific market's requirements and logistics. Justo lo que la elección de una empresa hace depende de la atención al cliente y operaciones de las estrategias que se dirigen a las necesidades específicas de mercado de uno y la logística. In summary, let's look at a chart which will show the characteristics of each mode of transportation. En resumen, vamos a ver un gráfico que mostrará las características de cada modo de transporte. The characteristics address the initial fixed cost investment that is involved with the decision of transportation mode, the operating cost that will be incurred as a result of choosing that particular mode, which is addressed here as cost per ton mile, the differences in the aspects of speed and flexibility regarding the choice of routes traveled and schedules available, and finally, the possibilities of product types that can be handled by that particular mode of transport. Las características de dirección de la inversión fija costo inicial que tiene que ver con la decisión del modo de transporte, el costo de operación que se haya incurrido como resultado de la elección de ese modo particular, que se considera aquí como coste por tonelada / milla, las diferencias en los aspectos de velocidad y flexibilidad en cuanto a la elección de los itinerarios de viaje y horarios disponibles, y, por último, las posibilidades de tipos de producto que puede ser asumida por dicha modo de transporte. We will show how choices can be made by comparing these characteristics against the goals that exist for a company's distribution system. Vamos a mostrar cómo las decisiones se pueden hacer mediante la comparación de estas características con los objetivos que existen para el sistema de distribución de una empresa.
Slide 27: Transportation Modes - Summary Diapositiva 27: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
For rail, the initial fixed cost is high, but the cost per ton mile is low. Para el ferrocarril, el costo fijo inicial es alto, pero el costo por tonelada / milla es baja. Speed of delivery is slow, route flexibility is very low, and other complementary means of transport may have to be considered to arrive at a final destination. La rapidez de entrega es lento, la flexibilidad ruta es muy baja, y otros medios complementarios de transporte puede tener para ser considerado para llegar a su destino final. Schedule flexibility is low and must be taken into account for delivery promises. Flexibilidad horaria es baja y hay que tener en cuenta las promesas de entrega. The good news is that there is a wide variety of goods that can be accommodated by rail shipment. La buena noticia es que hay una gran variedad de productos que pueden ser acomodados por el envío por ferrocarril. Slide 28: Transportation Modes - Summary Diapositiva 28: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
For road transport, initial fixed costs are moderate and may have some flexibility depending upon whether equipment is owned, leased, or handled by a third party logistics provider. Para el transporte por carretera, los costos fijos iniciales son moderadas y pueden tener una cierta flexibilidad dependiendo de si el equipo es en propiedad, arrendados, o manipulado por un tercero proveedor de logística. The cost per ton mile is moderate. El coste por tonelada / milla es moderado. Speed of shipment is moderate with high flexibility of both routes and schedules. Velocidad de envío es moderada, con una alta flexibilidad de ambas rutas y horarios. Wide assortment of products can be handled. Amplia gama de productos se pueden manejar. Slide 29: Transportation Modes - Summary Diapositiva 29: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
Shipping by air incurs high fixed costs and costs per ton mile. Envío por vía aérea incurre en altos costos fijos y los costos por tonelada / milla. Speed is very fast and the urgency for this delivery speed may in fact prove to be a large factor to weigh into the real cost of the product and serving a customer. La velocidad es muy rápido y la urgencia de esta velocidad de entrega puede de hecho llegar a ser un gran factor de peso en el costo real del producto y el servicio a un cliente. Route flexibility is moderate to high depending upon the use of private or public air transportation. flexibilidad en la ruta es de moderada a alta, dependiendo de la utilización de transporte aéreo público o privado. Because of the schedule limitations that may exist depending upon choice of air service provider, schedule flexibility is moderate. Debido a las limitaciones de horario que puedan existir en función de elección de proveedor de servicios de aire, flexibilidad de horarios es moderado. The variety of products that may be shipped by air is also moderate. La variedad de productos que pueden ser enviados por vía aérea también es moderado. Slide 30: Transportation Modes - Summary Diapositiva 30: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
Transporting product by water has moderate to high fixed costs. El transporte de productos por el agua ha moderado a los altos costos fijos. Due to the bulk nature of cargo shipped, the cost per ton mile is moderate to very low. Debido a la naturaleza de la carga a granel enviados, el coste por tonelada / milla es de moderada a muy baja. The choice of an ocean shipment versus the use of local waterways for cargo greatly influences these operating cost levels. La elección de un envío del océano frente a la utilización de las vías fluviales locales para la carga influye enormemente en estos niveles de costos de operación. Careful planning and review of delivery options is important due to the slow speed and low flexibility of routes and schedules. La planificación cuidadosa y el examen de las opciones de entrega es importante debido a la lentitud y poca flexibilidad de las rutas y horarios. There are a wide variety of goods that can be shipped by water. Hay una gran variedad de productos que pueden ser enviados por el agua. Slide 31: Transportation Modes - Summary Slide 31: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
Finally, a company that chooses to transport products by pipeline will incur initial high capital costs but will have very low costs of operation or costs per ton mile. Por último, una empresa que opta por el transporte de productos por tuberías incurrirá en altos costos de capital inicial, pero tendrá costos muy bajos de operación o los costos por tonelada / milla. Moving a product within the pipeline is moderate. Traslado de un producto dentro de la tubería es moderado. There is little or no flexibility in the routing or scheduling of the pipeline flow. Hay o no hay poca flexibilidad en la ruta o la programación del flujo de la tubería. The types of products that can be shipped this way are very limited. Los tipos de productos que pueden ser enviados de esta manera son muy limitadas. Slide 32: Transportation Modes - Summary Slide 32: Modos de Transporte - Resumen
In looking at all the characteristics involved with the varied choices and the movement of products, we may see that many choices can be made within the logistics operations of an organization. Al observar todas las características que participan con las opciones variadas y el movimiento de productos, podemos ver que muchas opciones se pueden hacer dentro de las operaciones de logística de una organización. There are many priority factors, both internal and external, which may affect which selection a company will ultimately choose. Hay prioridad de muchos factores, tanto internos como externos, que pueden afectar a los cuales la selección de una empresa en última instancia va a elegir. How well these choices are made will help to determine both customer service and satisfaction. ¿Qué tan bien se hacen estas elecciones ayudarán a determinar tanto el servicio al cliente y la satisfacción. Transportation Providers & Costs Proveedores de Transporte y Costos
There are many types of companies that offer transportation choices. Hay muchos tipos de compañías que ofrecen opciones de transporte. These companies are called providers. Estas empresas se denominan proveedores. The vehicles used can be solely owned by a producer, or there can be partnerships which assist in getting products from a producer to a customer. Los vehículos utilizados pueden ser de propiedad exclusiva de un productor, o puede haber asociaciones que ayudan a conseguir productos de un productor a un cliente. These providers are commonly known as third party logistics or 3PL providers. Estos proveedores se conocen comúnmente como la logística de terceros o proveedores 3PL. The possible choices of providers can be defined as a common carrier, which is available on call to the general business public, a contract carrier, which works by negotiated arrangements, and a private carrier, where the manufacturing company may own or lease their vehicles for private use. Las opciones posibles de los proveedores se puede definir como una empresa de transporte público, que está disponible en la convocatoria al público general de negocios, un transportista contratado, que trabaja por los acuerdos negociados, y un vehículo privado, donde la empresa de fabricación pueden poseer o alquilar sus vehículos para uso privado. 3PL businesses exist that can control shipping arrangements and movement even though they may not actually own the shipping equipment itself. empresas 3PL existen que pueden controlar arreglos para el envío y el movimiento a pesar de que en realidad puede no tener los equipos de transporte propio. Slide 34: Transportation: Cost Elements Slide 34: Elementos de Costo: Transporte
Choices of shipment are cost oriented, and a system of billing depends largely upon the type of service contracted for. Las opciones de envío están orientadas a los costes, y un sistema de facturación depende en gran medida el tipo de servicio contratado. Some different types of cost elements to be aware of include;: first, line haul cost, which is charged depending upon the distance traveled regardless of weight. Algunos tipos diferentes de elementos de coste que tener en cuenta son, en primer lugar, los costos de transporte de línea, que se cobra en función de la distancia recorrida, independientemente del peso. In this situation, a company should look to make maximum use of the cargo space available. En esta situación, una empresa debe buscar a aprovechar al máximo el espacio de carga disponible. Some examples of this include shipping such things as unassembled tables or products that can be nested into tight packages such as baskets or lampshades. Algunos ejemplos de esto incluyen el envío cosas tales como mesas sin montar o productos que se pueden anidar en los paquetes apretados, como cestas o lámparas. Line haul costs are based on covering the transportation expenses of the driver's wages, fuel, and vehicle maintenance. distancia costos de línea se basa en cubrir los gastos de transporte de conducir los salarios, combustible y mantenimiento de vehículos. An example of this cost calculation would occur when a provider charges a line haul rate based upon mileage, such as $5 a mile. Un ejemplo de este cálculo de costes que se producen cuando un proveedor cobra una tarifa de transporte de línea basado en el kilometraje, tales como $ 5 de una milla. A company should look to maximize the tonnage shipped in this way. Una empresa debe buscar maximizar el tonelaje transportado de esta manera. If two tons are transported 300 miles at a rate of $5 a mile, the cost is $1,500 and the cost per ton shipped is $750. Si dos toneladas se transportan 300 millas a una velocidad de 5 dólares por milla, el costo es de $ 1,500 y el costo por tonelada despachada es de $ 750. If the producer, through product nesting, increased the tonnage to three tons, the cost per ton would lower to $500. Si el productor, a través del producto de anidación, el aumento de la cantidad de toneladas a tres toneladas, el costo por tonelada sería inferior a $ 500.
Another transportation charge that can be incurred is called pickup and delivery costs. Otro cargo de transporte que se puede incurrir es recogida llamó y gastos de envío. This occurs when a carrier would charge based upon the total weight shipped and the total number of pickups necessary to obtain that weight. Esto ocurre cuando una compañía cobraría en base al peso total del envío y el número total de pastillas necesarias para obtener ese peso. This situation can happen if a company contracts with a carrier to make stops at all warehouses within a certain geographical area before shipping to a final destination. Esta situación puede ocurrir si una empresa contrata con una compañía para hacer paradas en todos los almacenes dentro de un área geográfica determinada antes de su envío a un destino final.
A third type of transportation charge that can be issued is called terminal handling costs. Un tercer tipo de cargo de transporte que pueden ser emitidas se llama costos de manejo del terminal. This occurs when a company needs to be aware of the cost of shipping less than a full truckload or LTL. Esto ocurre cuando una empresa necesita estar al tanto de los gastos de envío a menos de un camión completo o LTL. Unless contracted to ship direct non-stop to a destination, the carrier will, after pickup, return to a local terminal to consolidate other loads that are destined to travel to that same geographical area. A no ser contratado para envío directo sin escalas a un destino, el transportista, una vez retirado, el retorno a un terminal local para consolidar las cargas de otros que están destinados a viajar a la misma zona geográfica.
Mixed loads of television sets and drums of solvent have been known to travel on the same vehicle. Las cargas mixtas de aparatos de televisión y los tambores de disolvente se sabe que viajar en el mismo vehículo. Then, once arrived at another terminal, the load is broken down and reloaded onto other vehicles for the final local delivery. Luego, una vez llegado a otra terminal, la carga se descompone y vuelve a cargar en otros vehículos para la entrega local de final. Each time a shipment is handled, loaded, and unloaded, the cost tally is increased. Cada vez que un envío se manipulen, carguen y descarguen, la cuenta de costos es mayor. So a company should go for full truckload whenever possible to save on transportation costs. Así que una empresa debe ir para carga completa siempre que sea posible para ahorrar en costos de transporte.
Transportation billing and collection is now a thriving 3PL business. Transporte de facturación y la recogida es ahora un próspero negocio 3PL. Unless a company is set up to do their own billing, audit and payment operations, they usually contract with an outside service provider. A menos que una empresa está configurado para hacer su propia auditoría de facturación, y las operaciones de pago, por lo general un contrato con un proveedor de servicios externos. The charges to accomplish these tasks add on to an organization's transportation cost totals. Los cargos para realizar estas tareas añadir a la organización de transporte de los costos totales uno.
Slide 35: Transportation Providers & Cost Summary Slide 35: Proveedores de Transporte y resumen de costes
Mr. Jankowski has presented the modes of transportation and the types of charges that are associated with each. El Sr. Jankowski ha presentado los modos de transporte y los tipos de gastos que están asociados con cada uno. There is a natural hierarchy to the transportation decision which considers groups of products and groups of customers. Hay una jerarquía natural a la decisión de transporte que considera grupos de productos y grupos de clientes. Let's look at examples where the transportation choices are limited by the product or the environment or chosen by the customer. Veamos los ejemplos en donde las opciones de transporte están limitados por el producto o el medio ambiente o elegido por el cliente. The hierarchy of choices is typically: La jerarquía de opciones es típicamente:
- What are the shipping and receiving locations and who is paying for the transportation? ¿Cuáles son los gastos de envío y recepción de los lugares y que está pagando por el transporte? What are the characteristics, including regulatory limitations or requirements, of the product? ¿Cuáles son las características, incluyendo las limitaciones reglamentarias o requisitos del producto?
- What mode of transportation will be used? ¿Qué medio de transporte se utilizarán?
- What are the delivery, security, and handling requirements? ¿Cuáles son la entrega, la seguridad y requisitos de manipulación?
- Will the company transport the goods or employ a contract carrier? ¿La compañía de transporte de los productos o emplear a un transportista por contrato?
- If a contract carrier is used, what is the freight classification and rating? Si un transportista contratado se utiliza, lo que es la clasificación de mercancías y la clasificación? When will the goods be available and when must they be delivered. ¿Cuándo estarán disponibles los productos y cuando hay que ser entregados.
Warehouse Strategies Galería Estrategias
Slide 36: Warehousing: Types Slide 36: Almacenamiento: Tipos
Let's move on to discuss the strategy of establishing warehousing for our manufactured products, and then determining the best network of distribution that can result. Vamos a pasar a discutir la estrategia de establecimiento de almacenamiento para nuestros productos manufacturados, y luego determinar la mejor red de distribución que puede resultar. Knowledge of the market and the product characteristics will help in deciding on things like how many warehouses are needed, where they should be located, and on what roles they will need to play in servicing customers., the nature of the products required in customer orders, which dictate how those items must be identified, packaged, and handled throughout the distribution network. Conocimiento del mercado y las características del producto ayudará a la hora de decidir sobre cosas como la forma de depósitos se necesitan, dónde deben estar ubicados, y en qué roles que deberán desempeñar en el servicio de los clientes., La naturaleza de los productos requeridos en los pedidos de los clientes , que dictan cómo esos elementos deben ser identificados, envasados y manejados a través de la red de distribución. Let's look at some of the details that make up a company's distribution system. los Veamos algunos de los detalles que componen la compañía de distribución de un sistema. There are two types of warehousing approaches. Hay dos tipos de enfoques de almacenamiento. Both are based upon the immediacy and frequency of product movement. Ambos se basan en la inmediatez y la frecuencia del movimiento del producto. Storage can be for a long term or for a very short stay. El almacenamiento puede ser por un largo plazo o para una corta estancia. A general warehouse is set up to store and protect goods for long periods of time until needed. Un almacén general está configurado para almacenar y proteger las mercancías durante largos períodos de tiempo hasta que se necesite. There would be minimal materials handling as packages would be mostly bulked by the use of pallets and shrink-wrap for example, and then hopefully only moved once for put-away and once again for any shipment requirements. No habría un mínimo de manejo de materiales como paquetes se debería principalmente a granel por el uso de paletas y empaquetados por ejemplo, y luego se trasladó con suerte sólo una vez para poner distancia-y una vez más de los requisitos de envío.
Packages in this warehouse environment will seldom have to be moved and broken down into smaller packages prior to shipment. An example of this type of warehouse is for a company whose products are seasonal. Their items are usually made months in advance of the selling season based upon market forecasts. They are then shipped to be stored in a general warehouse until that season arrives. Retail stores that handle seasonal merchandise may choose to pack up the product once the particular season is over and return it back to the general warehouse until the next seasonal requirement occurs.
The opposite of a general warehouse is a very active distribution warehouse or distribution center (or DC). The purpose of this type of warehouse is to move, mix, or consolidate various types of products with the purpose of filling customer orders such as individual retail stores, supermarkets, wholesale stores, or other manufacturers. Service activities such as special packaging or special labeling may be required prior to shipment. The DC becomes the focal point for achieving customer service goals, and as such, may be organized for optimal movement and added value for the customer.
Slide 37: Warehousing: Roles
We have already talked in some general terms of the roles that warehouses may have to play in filling customer orders. Now let's look at some of those roles in more detail. The customer service goals of an organization become the main drivers of particular warehouse roles, as they are activities that are necessary to be successful. Slide 38: Warehousing: Roles
One such role is transportation consolidation. This task entails the bringing together of many small shipments and staging them to eventually be shipped together to obtain the cost benefits of full loads. A central warehouse located at the manufacturing plant looks to do this when pushing goods through a specific geographic network of distribution centers. We will discuss the characteristics of a push system in our upcoming section on distribution inventory characteristics. Examples of this type of activity occur within a dyestuff manufacturer, whose product can be shipped to numerous garment producers within a specific area, or with a carpet manufacturer who stocks a central warehouse, which then will look to fill orders for different types of carpets for a regional wholesaler. Slide 39: Warehousing: Roles
Another role is product mixing. This commonly occurs in a distribution center where many different products, all from different manufacturing locations, are stored. This DC always replenishes orders from the field, such as those received in a supermarket chain's DC on a time-sensitive basis. The every Thursday truck, for example, that goes to a grocery store will contain various types of products made up of many different sizes and packaging. The main purpose of this approach is to minimize order processing costs. Slide 40: Warehousing: Roles
And last, a warehouse can provide specific customer requested services. For example, generic products can be stored at a warehouse location, and pending customer order instructions, can have the product completed to order specifications by the application of customer-specific packaging and or labels prior to shipment. A dye warehouse that stores colors in various tanks can draw from those tanks and mix primary colors together to deliver customer-ordered dyes for specific applications, such as for garments or carpet. Cost Elements that Affect the Distribution System
Slide 41: Warehousing: Costs Distribution Cost Elements
For an organization, the controlling of distribution costs presents a constant challenge. There are five major cost elements that affect the distribution system. The first cost element is the cost of transportation itself. We have discussed so far the choices that a company must make to plan shipments by taking advantage of full truckload quantities and strategic carrier alliances whenever possible. The structure of a distribution network must take this cost into account in determining the number and location of warehouses in the system. This activity makes up the major portion of total distribution costs. The second cost element concerns the cost of carrying inventory. Although inventory planning is based upon the concept of an average inventory calculation, a warehouse must be flexible enough to handle periodic maximums as well as averages. The cost of carrying this product mix is made up of the cost of money tied up in inventory at any given time and the cost of storing the inventory, which is made up of such things as insurance, financing, labor costs, etc.
The third cost factor is the cost of the warehouse itself. Fixed costs like space and equipment plus ongoing operating costs make up this number. The more warehouses in the distribution system, the more these costs increase.
The fourth cost factor concerns materials handling. How much and how often does a product need to be moved,? The number of distribution centers in the network and the capability of full load shipments affect the number of times the product must be handled. This definitely can increase the cost in this category.
Finally, the cost of packaging is included. The types of packages, along with any special conditions and/or labeling, make up this cost, which definitely grows along with the size of the inventory.
Slide 42: Warehousing: Costs Effect of Distribution Centers
All of these cost factors, except those of transportation, will tend to increase as more warehouses are added to the network; and even total transportation costs, which at first will significantly decrease when adding warehouses, will tend to level out at some point. This is due to the diminishing capability to ship full loads as more warehouses are brought on board with the purpose of getting closer to the customer. All of these costs must be measured up against the company's stance on customer service measurements. For example, adding a warehouse close to a cluster of customers reduces the delivery time to those customers, lowers the transportation cost from the warehouse to the customer, but also results in increasing costs of facilities, materials handling, labor, and inventory investment. The trade-offs must be weighed in the analysis of the company's customer service strategy.
Materials Handling
Slide 43: Warehousing: Materials Handling
Let's now turn our attention to the decisions of materials handling. The basic makeup of a warehouse depends upon the products that it must carry, plus the service needs of the customer. The goal is to make the most efficient use of overall space to store items safely and effectively. In a warehouse environment, we are mainly looking at short-distance movement of products. We need to be aware of something called cube utilization, which means knowing how wide, how high, and how deep a product and its packaging dimensions are. Do we store it on shelves, in tanks, or on pallets? Do we store only unopened, full cartons, or do loose items and open packages exist? The same way that we strive to maximize utilization of shipping containers, we also look to maximize the capacity or cube utilization of warehouse space. Utilization must also be balanced with the need for accessibility. The highest utilization could be achieved by stacking pallets, for example, floor-to-ceiling and wall-to-wall, but movement of stock may be necessary to get a particular pallet, which is against the back wall.
The strategic location of inventory to address the needs for working stock, fast-moving products, or reserve stock may be necessary to help achieve this balance. There are numerous devices available that are capable of quick and efficient materials handling. Some of these are very capital intensive and others are simply labor intensive. Let's look at some examples of each type.
Slide 44: Materials Handling Devices
Here, we see some of the more commonly-used types of materials handling devices. Devices such as manual dollies allow warehouse personnel to move more goods than one single person can, but are subject to a weight or size range limitation. By using tools, such as mechanized folk lifts or conveyors, more products can be moved quickly and with more flexibility. Special-purpose mechanisms, such as hoists, provide greater space utilization along with greater range of movement. We strive to move the right product with the right material handling device. The only limitation a company may have with the choice of device is usually related to the capital funding that is available. That is why a lot of equipment is leased rather than purchased outright. Slide 45: Warehousing: Packing and Marking
The final warehousing issue to address covers packing and marking. Manufacturer's products need to be packaged in such a way so as to not damage the item, yet provide some measure of safety to the materials handler. Usage of such packing aids as shrink-wrap and specialty designed tapes help to provide assurance of the safe shipment of goods. Since cube utilization is always a major concern in storage and shipment, the packaging options available must address unitization, or as the APICS Dictionary states, “the consolidation of several units into larger units for fewer handlings.” For example, there normally are a dozen eggs in a carton of eggs. The carton of eggs can be shipped to a warehouse in corrugated boxes that contain 24 of the cartons, and in turn, the corrugated boxes can be shipped on-truck by shrink-wrapping pallets in certain combinations. We can also offer special pricing options to customers, pending the size of container that they choose to buy. The saving is based on not having to break down packages.
And finally, all packages shipped must be appropriately labeled. Types of labels may contain information on destination addresses, item identification, special handling instructions, warnings, and content descriptions. The labels may be typed out or printed with bar codes. Labeling requirements, such as UPC identifiers or RFID tags, may be defined by specific customers. Other necessary safety labeling denotes products as flammable, hazardous or biohazard, and may be defined by various regulatory agencies. All of these labeling operations and options must add value to the customer in ensuring safe delivery of the product.
Automated Material Handling & Inventory Distribution
Slide 46: Warehousing Trends in Automation
As technology expands we are finding better, more economical ways to store our warehouse items. Computer controlled lifts can both put away and retrieve inventory with minimum human intervention. The concept of an automated storage and retrieval system can be used in warehouse situations for industries such as high-tech, where reels of integrated circuit components are kept in an automated tower that is dust free and temperature controlled. Automatic carousels allow for a maximum product variety and a minimum of inventory to be available to the warehouse's order picker, providing for delivery speed on shipments. One company's president has been overheard to say that if the carousel is not turning, we are not making money today. Increased automation has also allowed us to move more products without the need for either a large operating labor force or significant energy costs. A recently developed storage approach known as lights-out operations extends automation capabilities using computer-controlled warehouses to save on overall operating costs. A recent development in this area is the automated garage.
This is a service facility where a customer can safely park their car by the procedure of swiping an ID card through a computer terminal, then driving their car into a large compartment which will then automatically be moved to an open grid oriented bin location, such as on a rack for storage. It will then remain there safely until retrieved by its owner. This kind of operation definitely requires a high integration of computers, data, and control. The capital cost for startup is high, and has to be compared against the benefits being sought by the use of this warehousing approach.
Slide 47: Distribution Inventory: Characteristics
Our next section of the course takes us through the makeup and planning of distribution inventory. We will discuss the characteristics of different types of inventory warehouses that support various operating environments. We will point out how a company's business objectives affect decisions on how a product not only will be produced but also distributed to customers. We will then look at the decisions an organization can make to determine both the replenishment and the shipping of the product throughout its distribution system. Let's start this section with a look at the characteristics of a typical distribution inventory as it relates to some specific operating environments. The two production environments that we will concentrate on are make-to-stock and assemble-to-order. In make-to-stock production, the distribution inventory is made up of finished goods and maybe some spare parts inventory if applicable to the market served. It should be noted here that spare parts inventory can relate to any company approach to satisfying customer demand and could also include engineer-to-order and make-to-order environments.
A product can be in various stages of transit or storage within the system of warehouses and distribution centers. This total transportation inventory is a major part of a company's aggregated inventory investment. Issues of either a seasonal or steady demand will dictate the type of storage and activity that is necessary. Customer service goals drive the organization of a logistics strategy that looks for maximum efficiency while minimizing costs.
In an assemble-to-order production environment, the distribution inventory will have some semi-finished product and materials that are needed to complete products with special options and features as demanded by customers. In this case, warehouses must be equipped with the correct configuration possibilities to meet customer order specifications. This strategy may also allow the warehouse to be located close to customer markets to provide a quick response. In both approaches, strategy concentrates on the efficient management of distribution costs.
Slide 48: Distribution Inventory: Objectives
The ultimate objective of any distribution system is to meet or exceed corporate customer service goals in a matter that requires excellent cost control and efficient operations. Demand Planning and Replenishment
Slide 49: Distribution Inventory System Control
The decision-making that is entailed in determining when and how to stock and re-supply a distribution network lies mainly within a company's approach to management style and the demands of the market the company serves. The decisions on demand and supply issues can be made either in a centralized approach, where all choices of re-supply are made from the central supply point, or in a decentralized strategy, where decisions on demand and replenishment are made at district-oriented distribution centers which are closer to their customers. There are significant implications on the activities within a distribution network that result from each approach. Let's use a chart to list and compare choices made in both centralized and decentralized distribution strategies.
Slide 50: Distribution Inventory System Control
The first issue that we see highlighted on our chart is the one that deals with determining product demand. In a decentralized approach, that demand is captured directly from the distribution centers who are closest to customer activity within their geographic areas. In some situations, these warehouses can have their own individual order entry and customer service departments who can track actual orders, and determine their own supply levels that they feel are needed to support the local market. In a centralized approach, all product demands are tracked then forecasted in aggregate at the central supply point, which is usually located at the factory. Customer order entry is usually also centralized in order to control the flow of materials through the distribution system.
Slide 51: Distribution Inventory System Control
Replenishment ordering is done at the local distribution centers in a decentralized environment, and a product is requested regardless of what is happening elsewhere in the distribution network. The danger, here, is if a distribution center oversells a normal forecast, or does not forecast well, they can still draw more inventories than projected at the expense of other DC requests. This also causes large spikes in demand on the supplying plant's schedules. It is like, 'first-come, first-served' in this approach of inventory replenishment. This situation can also result in an expensive and sometimes painful re-balancing effort to get inventory where it needs to be. There have been many products that have experienced trips back and forth among warehouses in this kind of situation. Slide 52: Distribution Inventory System Control
Product allocations would only be done in a centralized environment. This happens because in the process of aggregate forecasting, overall history is used to project sales at the distribution center levels. They are then combined to determine the overall demand on the plant. Once the product has been delivered, distribution decisions are made district by district to determine the so-called fair share allocation of inventory. Economies of scale can be used in this approach because forecasted products can be used to fill truckload shipments even though inventory may not be needed right away. Slide 53: Distribution Inventory System Control
As we can see on the chart cooperation with other warehouses in the network, in a decentralized environment is low or even non-existent. By the centralizing of distribution decisions, the entire distribution structure can be taken into account. Slide 54: Distribution Inventory System Control
The build on inventory in a decentralized environment is mainly due to the setting of each distribution center's safety stock levels independently, rather than in a system-wide aggregated approach as is done in centralized control. The rule is that forecast error is normally less in an aggregated calculation than it is in an individual DC by DC calculation. The size of the error, along with any existing distribution center service level targets, which tend to be high in a decentralized environment, causes the calculation of safety stock to end up being high. Slide 55: Distribution Inventory System Control
Total inventory investment in a decentralized approach tends to be higher than a centralized one due to the fact that each distribution center is acting independently in netting their customer service targets, and in turn, inventory levels. Replenishment Continued: Push Vs. Pull Tire
Slide 56: Distribution Inventory: Push Vs. Pull Replenishment
So, in our comparison of a centralized versus a decentralized approach in inventory replenishment, we see a push versus a pull strategy taking place against demand on the central supply warehouse. Slide 57: Distribution Inventory: Push Vs. Pull Replenishment
A push replenishment approach does just what it implies. It pushes inventory out of the distribution network based upon forecasts and allocations. Equal weight is given to each DC's supply situation. Slide 58: Distribution Inventory: Push Vs. Pull Replenishment
When a pull replenishment approach is used, as is done in a decentralized strategy, the DC pulls its inventory through the network independently of other stock points that exist. Both replenishment strategies can best be served by looking at our next type of distribution planning approach, which is being implemented at more and more companies' distribution requirement planning. Slide 59: Distribution Inventory: Planning
Distribution requirements planning (or DRP) provides a time-phased approach to managing inventory within a company's distribution system. Each warehouse in the network is able to send their demands to the integrated company planning system and have the time-period comparison done as far out as necessary to plan replenishment. Special situations can be planned and communicated in enough time so as not to upset any previously made replenishment plans. The projections also give the supplying plant warehouse an early warning as to significant changes in the network and to re-supply plans. This approach to planning uses similar logic as a plant does in using to plan material requirements for production demands. Shipments can be based upon calculated replenishment order quantities that match up with the modes of transportation that are used. In this planning approach, a hierarchy of acceptable replenishment warehouses can be defined for any warehouse in the system. This is especially useful if stock is not readily available from central supply. This overall replenishment approach works to provide stability to both the supplying plant and to the distribution network.
An extension of DRP known as distribution resource planning (or DRP II) takes one more step in the DRP replenishment approach by using the demand and supply information projected to plan needed resources to support future needs of the system. These resources can include additional warehouse space, labor, finances, or logistic partnerships.
Slide 60: DRP Approach to Inventory Replenishment
This diagram illustrates how DRP would work. A western distribution center places a replenishment order for product A144 as shown as a planned order release on the chart for weeks one and three. In turn, these demands are communicated to the central supply warehouse. Slide 61: DRP Approach to Inventory Replenishment
The eastern distribution center has demand in week two also for product A144, and also sends it along to central supply for replenishment planning. Slide 62: DRP Approach to Inventory Replenishment
The execution of the DRP process takes all of these orders called gross requirements, as seen in the first line of the central supply worksheet, and is able to compare available inventory and any projected production receipts to plan replenishment orders. The visibility of this plan, throughout the distribution network, allows all interested parties up-to-date information on the demand and supply issues of the moment. We can see from this presentation, how DRP combines the best aspects of both the push and pull replenishment strategies. Interfaces with Other Functions & Course Conclusion
Slide 63: Interfaces with Other Functions
In our final section of this course, we will cover the important responsibility of the distribution network of a company to communicate with the other managing departments of an organization, namely marketing, production, and finance. We will use another chart to look at the different components that we have seen make up the important characteristics of a company's distribution system. We will review each characteristic individually to show the information that needs to be communicated to these important branches within any organization. Slide 64: Interfaces with Other Functions
Starting with decisions made in the area of transportation, manufacturing would be interested in the mode of transportation selected for shipments. They would need to plan the appropriate production quantities and product packaging in order to best match up with the mode chosen. This allows for sound economics and logistical shipments to be made to support customer orders. Marketing is interested in the reliability of promised delivery dates to the customer. Transportation choices can directly affect delivery performance if not planned carefully; and marketing would like to know ahead of time if any issues in transportation capability could affect promises made to customers. Our friends over in finance would be interested in all of the cost of freight that can be incurred that could make the promised customer delivery a reality.
Slide 65: Interfaces with Other Functions
For the makeup of the distribution network, the number and types of roles played by warehouses, and/or distribution centers, determine the capability of finished goods storage available in a make-to-stock environment, or within the assemble-to-order approach of any subassembly inventory storage. Marketing needs to know the availability of products to support their customer service goals. Having enough inventory in the right place is very important. To finance the size and number of warehouses in the network project any needs [??] for capital cost planning and investment. Slide 66: Interfaces with Other Functions
Distribution inventory characteristics show manufacturing how to plan its production to best provide for the customer requirements for finished goods inventory. Marketing needs to know the best way to respond to any special customer request for special options or features. Finance needs to keep score on the total cost of finished goods inventory investments to support the business. Slide 67: Interfaces with Other Functions
In material handling decisions, manufacturing has to plan to match its operations accordingly to link up with the material handling capability in the distribution centers. Issues of weight and volume are among the important dimension issues to match up with the capabilities of the distribution network. Marketing has a need for speed, delivery speed that is. The choice of manufacturing handling capability is important to the response rate necessary to make things happen in time to support customer demands. Finance again needs to be kept updated of the impact in the cost of operations. Slide 68: Interfaces with Other Functions
With the last system characteristic of packaging, manufacturing is concerned with requirements of how to prepare our customer shipments in regards to package size, and on any nesting and palletizing needs. Marketing wants to be sure to supply adequate protection for the goods to be delivered undamaged. The product needs to be shipped with the correct identification and destination information to be sure that the right product gets to the right customer location as ordered, and just as important, as promised. Finance needs to know the effect on the capital cost of facilities and operations required to support any special packaging to support the business. Slide 69: Interfaces with Other Functions
So in summary, we can see how decisions made in the set-up and operation of a distribution system need to be communicated throughout the company, especially to the key players in the operations management group. The timely and integrated flows of information and the resultant support activities are very important parts of a successful distribution and logistics operation for any company. Slide 70: Physical Distribution System: Summary
So remember all we've talked about. The next time you drive to work or go on a vacation or business trip, just by looking around you, you will see many systems of transportation hard at work. It will give you an appreciation for the vision of your customer and the delivery performance of the network that delivered your car, your clothing, your home, and that serves your local community. Thank you for your attention, and I wish you safe and happy travels.
Additional Distribution Approaches
There are three important topics regarding distribution systems that have evolved since this expert on demand course was originally produced. Several of them are based on approaches that were first, or primarily used production operations. Three of those topics are: - Push-Pull supply chain
- Buffers in the supply chain
- Reverse logistics
Push-Pull Supply Chain
The presentation addressed both push and pull distribution systems, but as supply chain management has evolved, the concept of a supply chain that manages the distribution of goods partially in a push mode and partially in a pull mode has evolved. This is referred to as a push-pull supply chain. The point at which pull systems are replaced by pull systems is referred to as the push-pull boundary. Typically the supply chain push systems are used for processing steps closest to the raw materials and the supply chain pull systems are used for processing steps closest to the end customer. A trading partner in either the push or pull zones can choose to use either push or pull systems for its internal planning and control.
Buffers in the Supply Chain
As stated in an earlier course, inventory and time can be used to buffer operations and elements of the supply chain that operate at different paces or to keep the constraint on the system operating when there is an upstream disruption. Determining where and how much inventory will be maintained in the supply chain is a very important element of the design of a synchronized supply chain. Risk pooling is one approach to manage the supply chain inventory buffers when demand is highly variable.
Reverse Logistics
Reverse logistics deals with the flow of goods and material from the point of use up the supply chain and ultimately the disposition of those goods and materials. Reverse logistics applies not only to upstream flow of the product, but also to containers, packaging and other materials used in the production, storage, and transportation of the raw materials, intermediate products, and the finished goods. The reverse logic for product includes packaging and support materials as well as the product itself. Reverse logistics systems support the reduction of waste, the drive towards sustainability, and product life cycle management. Industry segments in which products are overhauled, rebuilt or remanufactured typically have fairly extensive reverse logistics systems, but they are not the only industries for which reverse logistics processes are important. The following table provides examples of other situations for which reverse logistics solutions are important.
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